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First reflections on Artificial Intelligence started in 1943 with mathematician Alan Turing and neurologist Grey Walter sharing ideas on clever machines after the end of World War II. In 1950, while Asimov was intriguing the world with his futuristic (yet with some remarkably prescient concepts) novels, Turing published the paper “Computing machinery and intelligence” (Mind 49: 433-460) providing the famous “Touring test”. The formal term “Artificial Intelligence” was coined by John McCarty, a computer scientist holding a summer conference at Dartmouth University, New Hampshire, in 1956. The conference fueled the debate about how to create Artificial Intelligence, which evolved in a threefold position:

• John McCarty focused on expressing AI through mathematical logic and developed the LISP language in 1958;
• Allen Newell and Herbert Simon focused on modelling human thinking and developed the General Problem Solver program in 1957;
• arvin Minsky supported that no single representation could deliver a full understanding of intelligence, but highlighted several subcomponents of machine intelligence in his pioneer paper “Steps Towards Artificial Intelligence” (IRE, January, 1960).

Their contributions fueled the first wave of Artificial Intelligence (…)

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